NTRUHS MBBS 1st Year Syllabus 2026

NTRUHS 1st Year MBBS at a Glance

Practical marks and internal assessment weightage are set by NTRUHS within NMC CBME guidelines. Verify the current marks distribution with the official NTRUHS syllabus notification.

Detailed Syllabus by Subject

Anatomy

NTRUHS Anatomy Question Papers | Anatomy Subject Hub | NTRUHS Anatomy Important Questions

Anatomy is the most content-heavy subject in 1st Year MBBS. The NMC CBME Anatomy curriculum covers four broad areas: General Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, and Regional Anatomy across all body regions. NTRUHS theory papers consistently include long essay questions on applied anatomy and diagram-based short notes.

General Anatomy and Histology

General Anatomy covers anatomical planes, terminology, and classification of body structures. Histology covers the microscopic structure of the four primary tissue types: epithelium (types and characteristics), connective tissue (loose, dense, cartilage, bone), muscle (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), and nervous tissue. Histology slides of organs are tested in the practical examination.

Embryology

The embryology component covers fertilisation, cleavage, implantation, formation of the three germ layers, and the development of major organ systems from each germ layer. Common congenital malformations and their embryological basis are frequently asked as short notes.

Regional Anatomy

The regional anatomy curriculum covers all major body regions:

Upper limb: Bones (scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals), shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints, muscles and their actions, brachial plexus (formation, roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches -- a perennial long essay topic), axillary artery and its branches, cubital fossa, carpal tunnel and its contents. See: Brachial Plexus Topic Page

Lower limb: Femur, tibia, fibula and foot bones, hip joint, knee joint (most clinically tested joint), ankle and foot joints, femoral triangle and its contents, femoral nerve and vessels, sciatic nerve and its divisions, popliteal fossa.

Thorax: Thoracic cage, intercostal muscles and spaces, pleura and lungs, superior and inferior mediastinum, heart (chambers, valves, coronary arteries and cardiac veins -- with applied significance), oesophagus, trachea and bronchi, major vessels.

Abdomen and pelvis: Anterior abdominal wall (muscles, inguinal canal and its contents -- applied anatomy of hernia is frequently tested), peritoneum and its recesses, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver (lobes, bare area, blood supply, portal triad, segmental anatomy), bile ducts and gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidney and ureter (with applied significance of renal calculi), suprarenal glands, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, pelvic organs.

Head and neck: Skull bones (calvaria, base of skull, individual foramina and their contents), scalp layers, temporal fossa, infratemporal fossa, parotid region, neck (fascial compartments, anterior and posterior triangles, muscles, major vessels and nerves of the neck), pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Neuroanatomy: Meninges and CSF pathway, cerebral hemispheres (lobes and their functions), basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum (lobes and connections), brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain), spinal cord (tracts and their applied significance), all 12 cranial nerves (origin, course, and applied anatomy -- very frequently tested), blood supply of the brain, visual pathway, auditory pathway. See: Cranial Nerves Topic Page

Practical components: Osteology (identification of individual bones and their features), cadaveric dissection and prosected specimens, histology slide identification under microscopy, surface anatomy demonstrations.

Study resources: Anatomy Mnemonics | Brachial Plexus Mnemonic | Cranial Nerves Mnemonic | Carpal Bones Mnemonic | Anatomy Notes PDF | Anatomy Viva Questions | Osteology Viva Questions | Anatomy Practical Exam Questions

Physiology

NTRUHS Physiology Question Papers | Physiology Subject Hub | NTRUHS Physiology Important Questions

Physiology covers the normal function of organ systems and their clinical correlates. NTRUHS Physiology papers test both theoretical understanding and the ability to apply physiological principles to clinical scenarios. The practical examination emphasises haematology experiments, cardiovascular recordings, and instrument-based assessments.

Blood and Haematology Composition of blood, haemopoiesis, haemoglobin types and their clinical significance, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood groups (ABO system and Rh system -- blood group typing is a standard practical examination topic), bleeding time and clotting time, coagulation cascade and its clinical disorders, anaemia classification.

Nerve and Muscle Physiology Resting membrane potential (ionic basis), action potential (generation, propagation, refractory periods), nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular junction (acetylcholine release, end-plate potential, role of Ca²⁺), types of muscle contraction, smooth muscle physiology.

Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiac action potential and pacemaker activity, cardiac cycle (systolic and diastolic events, heart sounds), cardiac output (Fick's principle, normal values, regulation), ECG (wave morphology, intervals, normal values -- ECG reading is tested in practicals at most universities), arterial blood pressure (methods of measurement, normal values, short-term and long-term regulation), coronary circulation, effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system.

Respiratory Physiology Lung volumes and capacities (all definitions and normal values -- very frequently tested), mechanics of breathing, surfactant and its clinical significance, ventilation- perfusion ratio, diffusion of gases, haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve (all factors that shift the curve -- standard long essay or short essay question), oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, control of respiration (central and peripheral chemoreceptors), hypoxia classification.

Renal Physiology Glomerular filtration (GFR, filtration fraction, forces governing filtration), tubular reabsorption and secretion (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct), countercurrent mechanism (concentration of urine), acid-base balance (buffer systems, renal compensation), clearance concept and its clinical application.

Endocrine Physiology Anterior pituitary hormones and their target glands, posterior pituitary (ADH and oxytocin), thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation, adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids), adrenal medulla (adrenaline and noradrenaline), insulin and glucagon (regulation of blood glucose), parathyroid hormone and calcium regulation, reproductive hormones and the menstrual cycle.

Neurophysiology Sensory pathways (pain, temperature, touch), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, neurotransmitters, receptor types -- frequently tested), higher cortical functions, sleep physiology, special senses (vision, auditory, taste, smell).

Practical components: Blood grouping (ABO and Rh), haemoglobin estimation, PCV and differential leucocyte count, blood pressure measurement, pulse examination, ECG recording and interpretation, visual acuity and colour vision tests.

Biochemistry

NTRUHS Biochemistry Question Papers | Biochemistry Subject Hub

Biochemistry covers the molecular basis of life processes and their clinical correlates. NTRUHS Biochemistry papers cover metabolic pathways, vitamins, enzymes, and clinical biochemistry. The practical examination involves qualitative spot tests and basic quantitative analysis.

Cell Biology Cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, nucleus) and their functions, cell membrane structure (fluid mosaic model), membrane transport mechanisms (passive, active, facilitated diffusion, osmosis), intracellular signal transduction.

Carbohydrate Metabolism Glycolysis (all enzymes, regulation, ATP yield), fate of pyruvate, Krebs cycle/TCA cycle (all steps, enzymes, and products -- very commonly tested, covered in the GeckoMed Krebs Cycle Diagram), oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain (ATP synthesis, uncouplers, inhibitors), gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism (synthesis and degradation, disorders -- Von Gierke's disease), HMP shunt, galactose and fructose metabolism.

Lipid Metabolism Classification and structure of lipids, beta-oxidation of fatty acids (steps, ATP yield), fatty acid synthesis, ketone body metabolism and diabetic ketoacidosis, cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG-CoA reductase -- statin target), lipoprotein structure and metabolism (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL), phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism.

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Protein structure (primary through quaternary), denaturation, nitrogen balance, transamination and deamination, urea cycle (all steps and enzymes, hyperammonaemia disorders), inborn errors of amino acid metabolism (phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, maple syrup urine disease), one-carbon metabolism and folate cycle, haem synthesis and porphyrias, bile pigment metabolism (bilirubin metabolism -- clinical significance in jaundice classification).

Enzymology Enzyme classification and nomenclature, Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km, Vmax, significance), enzyme inhibition (competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive, irreversible), clinical enzyme markers (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CK, amylase, lipase -- clinical significance in disease diagnosis).

Nucleotides and Molecular Biology Purine and pyrimidine structure and synthesis (de novo and salvage), catabolism (gout and hyperuricaemia link to purine catabolism), DNA structure, replication, repair mechanisms, RNA types and transcription, translation (genetic code, ribosomes, tRNA aminoacylation), mutations and their clinical significance, recombinant DNA technology basics.

Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins (A -- night blindness, D -- rickets/osteomalacia, E -- antioxidant, K -- coagulation); water-soluble vitamins (B1/thiamine -- beriberi, Wernicke encephalopathy; B2/riboflavin -- angular stomatitis; B3/niacin -- pellagra; B6/pyridoxine; B12/cobalamin -- pernicious anaemia, combined subacute degeneration; folic acid -- neural tube defects; C/ascorbic acid -- scurvy).

Clinical Biochemistry Reference values and interpretation of liver function tests (bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, total protein), renal function tests (blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid), blood glucose and diabetes diagnosis (fasting glucose, OGTT, HbA1c), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL). See: Normal Lab Values PDF

Practical components: Qualitative tests for carbohydrates (Benedict's, Barfoed's, Seliwanoff's tests), proteins (biuret, ninhydrin), lipids; quantitative estimation of blood glucose, blood urea, serum proteins; urine analysis; paper chromatography.

Study resources: Krebs Cycle Diagram | Amino Acids Mnemonic | Biochemistry Notes for MBBS 1st Year | Biochemistry Viva Questions | Biochemistry Practical Viva Questions

NTRUHS 1st Year Exam Pattern

NTRUHS examines Phase 1 subjects under the NMC CBME assessment framework:

The NMC CBME framework does not prescribe the exact number of questions or marks per question type within the theory paper -- NTRUHS sets this within NMC guidelines. The exact question paper format for NTRUHS (number of LEQs, SEQs, and SN, and marks each carries) is visible when you open any year's paper in GeckoMed.

Internal Assessment in NTRUHS 1st Year

Under NMC CBME, students must clear a formative internal assessment to be eligible to sit the First Professional MBBS examination. Internal assessment at NTRUHS typically includes periodic written tests, practical assessment records, case discussions, and attendance-based eligibility. The NTRUHS minimum internal assessment threshold and its contribution to the final mark should be verified against the current NTRUHS academic regulations.

Recommended Textbooks for NTRUHS 1st Year

NTRUHS recommends standard Indian and international MBBS textbooks. Students should verify the recommended reading list in the official NTRUHS syllabus notification or their college prospectus.

• Best Anatomy Books for MBBS 1st Year -- GeckoMed's guide to anatomy textbooks for Indian MBBS
• Best Physiology Book for MBBS -- recommended physiology reading for 1st Year

For Biochemistry, standard Indian textbooks such as Satyanarayan's Textbook of Biochemistry and Vasudevan's Textbook of Biochemistry are widely used. Verify which edition and textbook your college follows, as NTRUHS-affiliated college recommendations may vary.

NTRUHS 1st Year Question Papers

GeckoMed has NTRUHS previous year question papers for all three 1st Year subjects:

• NTRUHS Anatomy Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 papers
• NTRUHS Physiology Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 papers
• NTRUHS Biochemistry Question Papers -- 2024, 2025 papers
• All NTRUHS Question Papers -- complete archive across all 14 subjects

For national 1st Year resources: MBBS 1st Year Hub | MBBS 1st Year Syllabus

Other NTRUHS MBBS Year Syllabi

The NMC CBME curriculum continues across all four phases at NTRUHS:

• NTRUHS 2nd Year Syllabus 2026 -- Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine
• NTRUHS 3rd Year Syllabus 2026 -- Community Medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology
• NTRUHS Final Year Syllabus 2026 -- General Medicine, General Surgery, OBG, Paediatrics
• NTRUHS Exam Dates -- First Professional and other NTRUHS examination schedules
• NTRUHS Results -- Latest NTRUHS MBBS examination results
• NTRUHS University Hub -- all NTRUHS resources in one place

Frequently Asked Questions