NTRUHS MBBS Final Year Syllabus 2026

NTRUHS Final Year MBBS at a Glance

Each subject has a separate clinical/practical examination. Students must pass theory and practical independently in each subject. Practical marks, internal assessment weightage, and pass criteria are set by NTRUHS -- verify with the official NTRUHS academic regulations.

Detailed Syllabus by Subject

General Medicine

NTRUHS General Medicine Question Papers | General Medicine Subject Hub | NTRUHS Medicine Important Questions

General Medicine at the Final Year level covers diagnosis and management of medical conditions across all organ systems. The NMC CBME curriculum emphasises clinical reasoning, case-based presentations, and the capacity to manage common medical emergencies. NTRUHS theory papers test both standard NMC CBME competencies and conditions with high prevalence in Andhra Pradesh.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Hypertension (primary and secondary, complications, management -- antihypertensive drug classes are frequently tested), ischaemic heart disease (stable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI -- ECG changes, management, thrombolysis), congestive heart failure (causes, Framingham criteria, management with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers), arrhythmias, rheumatic heart disease (mitral stenosis particularly common in AP, young patients with streptococcal fever history). See: Hypertension | Myocardial Infarction | Congestive Heart Failure

Tuberculosis (very high-yield at NTRUHS -- DOTS regimen, drug regimen, drug resistance, pleural effusion in TB, miliary TB, diagnosis methods), community-acquired pneumonia (organisms, empirical therapy), asthma (GINA classification, management), COPD. See: Tuberculosis | Pneumonia | Asthma

Tropical and Infectious Diseases (AP-Priority)

These diseases feature prominently in NTRUHS papers given their burden in Andhra Pradesh:

Dengue fever: Dengue haemorrhagic fever vs dengue shock syndrome, NS1 antigen test, thrombocytopenia management, fluid management -- endemic in urban AP.

Malaria: P. vivax vs P. falciparum (cerebral malaria, blackwater fever, severe malaria criteria), peripheral blood smear, treatment (chloroquine, artemisinin, primaquine for radical cure) -- significant burden in tribal/forest AP districts.

Snakebite: Neurotoxic envenomation (cobra, common krait -- descending flaccid paralysis, ptosis, bulbar palsy) and haemotoxic envenomation (Russell's viper, saw- scaled viper -- local tissue necrosis, coagulopathy, AKI); anti-snake venom (ASV) dose, indications, anaphylaxis management -- a high-priority topic for NTRUHS Final Year given AP's snake bite burden.

Enteric fever: Widal test interpretation, blood culture timing (first week), rose spots, complications, treatment.

Leptospirosis, filariasis: Regional relevance in AP's coastal districts.

Endocrine and Metabolic

Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2 -- diagnostic criteria, complications including diabetic ketoacidosis, HONK/HHS, hypoglycaemia, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, foot care), thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism -- clinical features, thyroid function tests, management), adrenal insufficiency. See: Diabetes Mellitus

Hepatic and Gastrointestinal

Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E -- transmission, serology markers, chronicity risk, management), liver cirrhosis (portal hypertension, oesophageal varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, SBP), jaundice classification and approach to a jaundiced patient, peptic ulcer disease. See: Jaundice | Liver Cirrhosis

Renal, Neurological, and Haematological

Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease (CKD), RPGN. Stroke (types, NIHSS, thrombolysis window, rehabilitation), epilepsy, meningitis (bacterial vs viral -- CSF analysis), Guillain-Barré syndrome. See: Stroke | Meningitis | Anaemia

Clinical examination: Bedside long case (full clinical workup, 30 minutes), short cases (targeted examination), ECG and X-ray interpretation, blood report reading.

Study resources: Antihypertensive Chart | Antidiabetic Chart | Best Medicine Book for MBBS | MBBS Final Year Question Papers

General Surgery

NTRUHS General Surgery Question Papers | General Surgery Subject Hub | NTRUHS Surgery Important Questions

General Surgery at the Final Year level covers surgical principles, common surgical conditions, and the clinical management of surgical emergencies. NTRUHS surgical papers test applied anatomy, operative steps, and the approach to trauma and agricultural injuries common in rural Andhra Pradesh.

Surgical Foundations and Emergency Surgery

Wound healing (phases -- haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling -- and factors affecting healing), surgical infections (organisms, prophylaxis, treatment), haemostasis and blood transfusion, pre-operative and post-operative care, fluid and electrolyte management. Shock (types, pathophysiology, initial resuscitation, vasopressors). Burns (rule of nines, parkland formula basis, fluid resuscitation, wound management, complications -- grafting). Trauma: principles of primary survey (ATLS-based ABCDE approach) and secondary survey. See: Fracture Healing

Abdominal Surgery

Hernia (inguinal -- anatomy of inguinal canal, types, mesh vs non-mesh repair; femoral; umbilical; incisional; hiatus -- all with management), acute appendicitis (Alvarado score, differential diagnosis, complications, open vs laparoscopic appendicectomy). Intestinal obstruction (mechanical causes by site, management, complications). Hepatobiliary: cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, obstructive jaundice approach, laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Peptic ulcer disease and its complications (perforation, haemorrhage, pyloric stenosis -- surgical management). See: Appendicitis | Intestinal Obstruction | Cholecystitis | Peptic Ulcer

Endocrine and Breast Surgery

Thyroid: goitre classification and management, carcinoma thyroid (papillary -- most common; follicular; medullary -- RET proto-oncogene; anaplastic), thyroidectomy and its complications (RLN injury, hypocalcaemia). Breast: fibroadenoma, fibrocystic changes, carcinoma breast (modified radical mastectomy vs breast-conserving surgery, sentinel lymph node biopsy, TNM staging, receptor status -- ER/PR/HER2). See: Thyroid Disorders | Breast Cancer

Orthopaedics, Vascular and Oncology Principles

Fractures (general principles of healing, fixation methods, Colles fracture, femoral neck fractures, shaft of femur, tibial fractures), dislocations (shoulder and hip), osteomyelitis, septic arthritis. Peripheral vascular disease (arterial and venous), varicose veins, DVT/PE. Surgical oncology: TNM staging, curative vs palliative intent, principles of adjuvant therapy. See: Colles Fracture

Snakebite Surgical Complications (NTRUHS-context)

Local tissue necrosis from haemotoxic snake envenomation (Russell's viper) requiring surgical wound management, fasciotomy for compartment syndrome, and secondary wound closure or skin grafting -- a clinical scenario seen regularly in NTRUHS-affiliated hospital admissions from rural AP.

Clinical examination: Surgical long case workup (history, examination, diagnosis, management plan), short case examination, viva on surgical instruments and procedures.

Study resources: Best Surgery Book for MBBS | MBBS Surgery Question Papers

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

NTRUHS OBG Question Papers | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Subject Hub

OBG is examined as a single integrated subject. The clinical examination includes antenatal ward assessment, delivery suite exposure, and gynaecology OPD assessment. NTRUHS OBG papers from 2024 and 2025 are available on GeckoMed; important questions pages are not currently available for NTRUHS OBG.

Obstetrics

Normal pregnancy: antenatal care schedule, investigations (haematological, ultrasound dating and anomaly scans), physiological changes in pregnancy. Normal labour: stages (latent, active, second, third), partograph use, monitoring, repair of episiotomy.

Hypertensive disorders: gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia (diagnosis -- new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks), eclampsia (management with magnesium sulphate, antihypertensives, urgent delivery) -- a leading cause of maternal mortality in rural AP settings. See: Preeclampsia

Antepartum haemorrhage (APH): placenta praevia (types, painless bleeding, C-section indication) and placental abruption (painful bleeding, concealed/revealed/mixed, complications -- DIC, Couvelaire uterus). High-risk pregnancy: anaemia in pregnancy (Hb below 11 g/dL -- very common in AP; causes, grading, treatment including IV iron, blood transfusion), diabetes in pregnancy (GDM screening, management), cardiac disease.

Complicated labour: malpresentations (breech -- extended, flexed, footling -- and their management; face, brow, shoulder), malpositions (occipitoposterior), obstructed labour, cord prolapse (emergency management). Operative obstetrics: lower segment caesarean section (LSCS -- indications, steps, scar rupture risk), forceps and ventouse delivery, manual removal of placenta.

Obstetric emergencies: postpartum haemorrhage (primary and secondary -- causes, 4T mnemonic: tone, tissue, trauma, thrombin; medical management: oxytocin, ergometrine, misoprostol, tranexamic acid; surgical: B-Lynch suture, hysterectomy), ruptured uterus, shoulder dystocia, amniotic fluid embolism.

Puerperium: normal involution, puerperal sepsis (organisms, management), puerperal psychosis, mastitis and breast abscess.

Gynaecology

Menstrual disorders: abnormal uterine bleeding (PALM-COEIN classification), primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, PCOS (Rotterdam criteria, management). Fibroids: types (intramural, submucosal, subserosal), complications, medical and surgical management. See: Fibroids | Ectopic Pregnancy

Carcinoma cervix: HPV link (types 16 and 18), CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia -- grades and management), FIGO staging, treatment (surgery vs radiotherapy by stage), Pap smear and VIA screening -- a high-priority topic given cervical cancer's prevalence in India and limited screening coverage in rural AP. Endometrial carcinoma, ovarian tumours (classification -- surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cord stromal), gestational trophoblastic disease.

Contraception: hormonal methods (COC -- mechanism and adverse effects; progestin-only; injectables; implants), IUCDs (types, failure rates, complications), barrier methods, sterilisation (tubectomy -- Pomeroy and Filshie clip methods), emergency contraception.

Infertility: causes, investigations (semen analysis, ovulation assessment, HSG, laparoscopy), assisted reproductive technology basics.

Practical: Antenatal abdominal examination, vaginal examination supervised, obstetric case clerking, CTG interpretation, OBG viva.

Study resources: OBG Viva Questions and Answers | MBBS Final Year Question Papers

Paediatrics

NTRUHS Paediatrics Question Papers | Paediatrics Subject Hub

Paediatrics covers child health from the neonatal period through adolescence. NTRUHS Paediatrics papers from 2023, 2024 and 2025 are available on GeckoMed; important questions pages are not currently available for NTRUHS Paediatrics.

Neonatology

Normal newborn assessment, Apgar scoring (at 1 and 5 minutes -- components, neonatal resuscitation steps for low scores), neonatal jaundice (physiological vs pathological -- bilirubin thresholds, phototherapy, exchange transfusion), neonatal sepsis (early onset vs late onset, organisms, empirical antibiotic therapy), birth asphyxia and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (Sarnat staging), prematurity and low birth weight (complications, management principles), neonatal respiratory distress (TTN, RDS, MAS, pneumonia -- distinguishing features on CXR). See: Neonatal Jaundice

Growth, Nutrition and Development

Growth charts (IAP and WHO -- interpretation of weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height), developmental milestones (gross motor, fine motor, language, social -- at key ages: 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 months, 2, 3, 5 years), developmental delay assessment.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) -- particularly relevant for AP's tribal regions: kwashiorkor (oedematous, protein-deficient) vs marasmus (non-oedematous, total calorie deficient), SAM and MAM definitions (MUAC and weight-for-height criteria), RUTF-based management, complications during refeeding. Micronutrient deficiencies: iron deficiency anaemia (most common nutritional deficiency in AP children -- diagnosis, treatment with elemental iron), vitamin A deficiency (xerophthalmia stages, Bitot's spots -- still a concern in rural AP), iodine deficiency.

Immunisation

National Immunization Schedule for children: BCG, OPV, HB, Pentavalent, Rotavirus, PCV, f-IPV, MR, JE (endemic areas -- AP has JE risk in certain districts), DPT boosters, Td. See: National Immunization Schedule India

Childhood Infections

Tuberculosis in children (gastric lavage for culture in young children, Mantoux test interpretation in BCG-vaccinated children, regimen differences), malaria in children (severe malaria criteria in paediatric patients differ from adults, cerebral malaria management -- significant burden in AP's tribal districts), dengue in children (DHF and dengue shock syndrome management -- AP urban areas), measles complications (encephalitis, SSPE), meningitis. See: Meningitis

Respiratory, GI and Haematological Diseases

Pneumonia in children (WHO classification -- fast breathing by age group, management by severity, amoxicillin for community-acquired), acute bronchiolitis (RSV, management with supportive care), croup (laryngotracheobronchitis -- barking cough, stridor, management with adrenaline nebulisation and dexamethasone). Acute diarrhoea (ORS composition, zinc, appropriate antibiotic use), malabsorption. Iron deficiency anaemia, sickle cell disease (vasoocclusive crisis, acute chest syndrome), thalassaemia (transfusion threshold, chelation).

Neurology and Cardiology

Febrile seizures (simple vs complex, management, recurrence counselling), epilepsy in children (drug selection by seizure type), cerebral palsy (classification, management). Congenital heart disease: acyanotic (VSD -- most common CHD, clinical features, murmur; ASD; PDA) and cyanotic (Tetralogy of Fallot -- 4 components, squatting, Tet spells, surgical correction; TGA). Rheumatic fever (Jones criteria -- major and minor) and rheumatic heart disease.

Practical: Paediatric clinical examination (age-appropriate approach and history from parents), growth chart plotting and interpretation, developmental milestone assessment, neonatal examination, management of dehydration (ORS preparation and administration), paediatric viva.

NTRUHS Final Year Exam Pattern

The NTRUHS Final Professional examination is held annually. For subject-specific question formats, open any year's paper in the GeckoMed app.

Internal Assessment in NTRUHS Final Year

Under NMC CBME, Final Year students must clear internal assessment before sitting the Final Professional examination. This includes ward round participation, case presentations, structured clinical assessments during postings, and periodic written theory tests. Minimum thresholds and internal assessment structure are set by NTRUHS -- verify with current regulations.

Recommended Textbooks for NTRUHS Final Year

• Best Medicine Book for MBBS -- GeckoMed guide to General Medicine textbooks for Indian MBBS
• Best Surgery Book for MBBS -- recommended surgery textbooks for the Final Professional
• For comprehensive Final Year topic coverage with national exam context: MBBS Final Year Syllabus and How to Pass MBBS Final Year

For OBG, Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics and Dutta's Gynecology are standard references across most NTRUHS-affiliated colleges. For Paediatrics, Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (international reference) and O.P. Ghai's Essential Pediatrics (Indian reference) is widely used.

NTRUHS Final Year Question Papers

GeckoMed has NTRUHS previous year question papers for all four Final Year subjects. Coverage varies between subjects:

• NTRUHS General Medicine Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 (3 years) + important questions available
• NTRUHS General Surgery Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 (3 years) + important questions available
• NTRUHS Obstetrics and Gynaecology Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 (2 years)
• NTRUHS Paediatrics Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025 (2 years)
• All NTRUHS Question Papers -- full archive

National Final Year resources: MBBS Final Year Hub | MBBS Final Year Question Papers | MBBS Surgery Question Papers

All NTRUHS MBBS Year Syllabi

• NTRUHS 1st Year Syllabus 2026 -- Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry
• NTRUHS 2nd Year Syllabus 2026 -- Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine
• NTRUHS 3rd Year Syllabus 2026 -- Community Medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology
• NTRUHS Exam Dates | NTRUHS Results | NTRUHS University Hub

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