NTRUHS MBBS 2nd Year Syllabus 2026

NTRUHS 2nd Year MBBS at a Glance

Practical marks and internal assessment weightage are set by NTRUHS within NMC CBME guidelines. Verify the current breakdown with the official NTRUHS syllabus notification.

Detailed Syllabus by Subject

Pathology

NTRUHS Pathology Question Papers | Pathology Subject Hub | NTRUHS Pathology Important Questions

Pathology is the study of disease mechanisms. The NTRUHS Pathology syllabus follows the NMC CBME division into General Pathology (disease processes common to all organs) and Systemic Pathology (disease in specific organ systems). Theory papers test both components, while the practical examination includes gross specimen identification, histopathology slide reading, and haematology.

General Pathology

Cell injury and death: Causes and reversibility of cell injury, types of necrosis (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid), apoptosis mechanisms and significance, cellular adaptations (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia).

Inflammation: Acute inflammation (vascular and cellular events, chemical mediators), chronic inflammation (causes, cell types, granulomatous inflammation -- the pathological basis of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease), healing and repair (primary and secondary intention, factors affecting wound healing).

Haemodynamic disorders: Oedema (mechanism by tissue type), thrombosis (Virchow's triad, types of thrombi), embolism (pulmonary, systemic, fat, air, amniotic fluid), infarction (red and pale, determinants), shock (types and pathological changes).

Neoplasia: Benign vs malignant distinction, carcinogenesis (chemical, physical, and viral carcinogens), oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (TP53, Rb -- most examined), routes of tumour spread, TNM staging and grading, paraneoplastic syndromes.

Immunopathology: Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I to IV with examples for each), autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis -- pathological basis), amyloidosis, AIDS-related pathology.

Systemic Pathology

Cardiovascular: Atherosclerosis and its complications, ischaemic heart disease (morphology of myocardial infarction, timeline of changes), rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, cardiomyopathies.

Respiratory: Pneumonia (lobar and bronchopneumonia), tuberculosis (primary complex, post-primary TB, miliary TB, pathological lesions -- very heavily tested at NTRUHS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, occupational lung diseases, carcinoma lung.

Liver and GI: Viral hepatitis (pathological changes in types A, B, C, E), liver cirrhosis (macronodular, micronodular; portal hypertension and its complications), cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's vs ulcerative colitis distinguishing features), carcinoma stomach and colon.

Renal: Glomerulonephritis (classification -- minimal change, membranous, focal segmental, IgA, MPGN), nephrotic and nephritic syndrome, pyelonephritis, renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumour.

Haematology: Anaemias (iron deficiency, megaloblastic, haemolytic, aplastic -- all morphology, pathogenesis, peripheral smear findings), leukaemias (ALL, AML, CLL, CML -- classification and pathological features), Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma.

Reproductive and Breast: Carcinoma cervix (CIN grades, HPV link, staging), endometrial carcinoma, ovarian tumours (surface epithelial, germ cell, sex cord stromal -- classification), carcinoma breast (types, spread, prognostic factors), prostatic carcinoma.

Practical components: Gross specimen identification (liver, lungs, kidney, spleen, brain, reproductive organs), histopathology slide reading under microscopy (H&E stained sections), haematology (peripheral blood smear interpretation, bone marrow examination), urine and body fluid analysis.

Study resources: Pathology Handwritten Notes PDF | Best Pathology Book for MBBS

Pharmacology

NTRUHS Pharmacology Question Papers | Pharmacology Subject Hub | NTRUHS Pharmacology Important Questions

Pharmacology covers the mechanisms, clinical uses, and adverse effects of drugs. NTRUHS Pharmacology papers consistently test drug classification (a core short essay and short note format), mechanism of action, adverse effect profiles, and drug interactions. The practical examination includes prescription writing, dose calculation, and basic pharmacological experiments.

General Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism by CYP enzymes, excretion, first-pass effect, half-life, bioavailability), pharmacodynamics (receptor theory, dose-response relationships, therapeutic index, tolerance, dependence), adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, rational prescribing principles.

Autonomic Pharmacology Cholinergic drugs (direct muscarinic agonists, anticholinesterases, ganglionic drugs), anticholinergic drugs (atropine and its uses), adrenergic agonists (alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 selective and non-selective), adrenergic antagonists (alpha and beta blockers -- mechanism, clinical uses, adverse effects, contraindications).

Cardiovascular Drugs Antihypertensives (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, alpha blockers -- classification is a very commonly tested topic), antianginals (nitrates, CCBs, beta blockers, ranolazine), antiarrhythmics (Vaughan-Williams classification), heart failure drugs, anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin, DOACs), thrombolytics, antiplatelets, hypolipidaemics (statins, fibrates, ezetimibe). See: Antihypertensive Drugs Classification Chart

Analgesics NSAIDs (COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, classification, gastric and renal adverse effects), opioid analgesics (morphine, codeine, fentanyl -- mechanism, tolerance, dependence, naloxone reversal), gout treatment (allopurinol, febuxostat, colchicine). See: NSAID Classification Chart

Antimicrobials Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, vancomycin. Antitubercular drugs (RIPE first-line regimen: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol -- mechanisms and adverse effects for each). Antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials (chloroquine, artemisinin, primaquine). See: Antibiotic Classification Chart

CNS Drugs General and local anaesthetics, sedatives and hypnotics (benzodiazepines, Z-drugs), antiepileptics (valproate, phenytoin, carbamazepine, levetiracetam), antipsychotics (typical and atypical), antidepressants (SSRIs, TCAs, MAOIs), anti-Parkinson drugs (levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors).

Endocrine Pharmacology Antidiabetics (insulin types, oral antidiabetics: metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors), thyroid drugs, corticosteroids (clinical uses and serious adverse effects), oral contraceptives. See: Antidiabetic Drugs Classification Chart

Practical components: Prescription writing (correct format, dose, route, frequency, duration), bioassay experiments, dose-response recordings, drug identification.

Study resources: Pharmacology Mnemonics PDF | Pharmacology Notes for MBBS PDF | Pharmacology Handwritten Notes | Best Pharmacology Book for MBBS | MBBS Pharmacology Question Papers

Microbiology

NTRUHS Microbiology Question Papers | Microbiology Subject Hub | NTRUHS Microbiology Important Questions

Microbiology covers the biology of infectious agents, the immune system, and laboratory methods for diagnosis. Theory papers test organism identification, disease mechanisms, and diagnostic methods. Practical examinations include staining techniques, culture media preparation, and serological testing.

General Bacteriology Bacterial structure (cell wall, capsule, fimbriae, flagella -- and their clinical significance), bacterial genetics (transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids, antibiotic resistance mechanisms), sterilisation and disinfection methods (autoclaving, dry heat, chemical agents), culture media (types, uses, colony characteristics -- comprehensively covered in the GeckoMed Microbiology Culture Media Chart).

Systemic Bacteriology Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus (virulence factors, MRSA, toxin-mediated diseases), Streptococcus pyogenes (rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis), S. pneumoniae (pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media), Enterococci.

Gram-positive rods: Corynebacterium diphtheriae (toxin mechanism, Loeffler's medium, metachromatic granules, Albert's stain), Clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. difficile (pseudomembranous colitis).

Gram-negative cocci: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (culture on Thayer-Martin medium, PPNG), N. meningitidis.

Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters: Escherichia coli (EPEC, ETEC, EHEC, EIEC, UTI -- pathotypes and their diseases), Klebsiella, Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever -- very important for India; Widal test, Vi antigen, culture), Shigella (bloody dysentery, Shiga toxin), Vibrio cholerae (El Tor biotype, rice-water stools, TCBS medium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mycobacteria: M. tuberculosis (cell wall structure, culture on LJ medium, ZN staining, tuberculin test, BCG vaccination, pathogenesis of primary and post-primary TB -- a core long essay topic at most universities including NTRUHS).

Spirochaetes and others: Treponema pallidum (syphilis -- primary, secondary, tertiary, latent; VDRL and TPHA tests), Leptospira, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia, Rickettsiae.

Virology Viral structure and replication principles, DNA viruses (Herpes simplex virus, VZV, EBV -- glandular fever, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; CMV, hepatitis B virus, HPV, adenovirus, poxvirus), RNA viruses (influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, poliovirus, dengue, rabies, rotavirus, hepatitis A and E, HIV/AIDS -- structure, pathogenesis, CD4 decline, AIDS-defining illnesses, diagnosis by ELISA and Western blot).

Hepatitis viruses (all types A-E): transmission routes, antigen-antibody markers, chronicity, prevention and vaccination -- very commonly tested as a short essay or long essay at NTRUHS.

Mycology Classification (yeasts and moulds), Candida albicans (germ tube test, conditions causing candidiasis), Aspergillus fumigatus (aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis), Cryptococcus neoformans (India ink preparation, meningitis in immunocompromised), Dermatophytes (ringworm, tinea infections).

Parasitology Malaria (Plasmodium species -- vivax, falciparum, malariae, ovale; life cycle, thick and thin film, complications of falciparum, drug resistance -- very high-yield for AP students given regional burden), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic liver abscess), Giardia lamblia, Leishmania donovani (kala-azar, Aldehyde test), Toxoplasma gondii (TORCH infections, congenital toxoplasmosis), intestinal helminths (Ascaris, hookworm, Enterobius), tapeworms (Taenia solium -- cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis), Wuchereria bancrofti (lymphatic filariasis -- endemic in coastal Andhra Pradesh).

Immunology Innate and adaptive immunity, structure and classes of immunoglobulins, complement activation pathways, hypersensitivity reactions (Types I-IV), autoimmunity, vaccines (types, adjuvants, schedule).

Practical components: Gram staining (procedure and interpretation), ZN staining for acid-fast bacilli, Albert's stain, culture media preparation and plate reading, antibiotic sensitivity testing (Kirby-Bauer), Widal test, VDRL test, urine microscopy.

Study resources: Microbiology Culture Media Chart | Antibiotic Classification Chart | Antibiotic Sensitivity Chart | Microbiology Mnemonics

Forensic Medicine and Toxicology

NTRUHS Forensic Medicine Question Papers | Forensic Medicine Subject Hub

Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (also called Medical Jurisprudence or Legal Medicine) applies medical knowledge to legal proceedings and medicolegal situations. The NTRUHS syllabus covers medical ethics, forensic pathology, clinical forensic medicine, and forensic toxicology. NTRUHS Forensic Medicine papers are available on GeckoMed from 2024 and 2025.

Medical Jurisprudence Medical ethics (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice), professional responsibilities and misconduct, types of consent (expressed, implied, informed, proxy) and their medicolegal significance, medical negligence (elements, civil and criminal liability, IPC 304A), professional secrecy and legal exceptions, medical certification (death, disability, fitness certificates), duties of a doctor in medicolegal cases, rights of the accused.

Relevant provisions of Indian law: Indian Penal Code sections applicable to medical practice (IPC 84 -- insanity, IPC 299-302 -- culpable homicide and murder, IPC 375-376 -- rape and the doctor's role in examination), Consumer Protection Act in the context of medical services.

Forensic Pathology Death: somatic vs molecular death, determination of time since death using postmortem changes (rigor mortis, livor mortis, putrefaction -- each with timing and medicolegal significance), modes of death (syncope, asphyxia, coma).

Identification: estimation of age, sex, stature, race from skeletal remains, teeth, and physical characteristics.

Mechanical injuries: classification of wounds (contusion, abrasion, laceration, incised wound, chop wound, stab wound, firearm wound -- distinguishing features, range and direction estimation for firearm injuries), defence wounds, postmortem artefacts.

Asphyxial deaths: hanging (judicial and suicidal types), ligature strangulation, manual strangulation, drowning (fresh vs saltwater, diatom test), suffocation, traumatic asphyxia -- each with pathological findings.

Thermal injuries: burns and scalds (antemortem vs postmortem differentiation, vital reactions), heat hyperpyrexia and heat stroke.

Sexual offences: medical examination of victims of sexual assault (examination protocol, findings, evidence collection), hymen and its medicolegal significance, battered child syndrome.

Forensic Toxicology General principles: routes of entry of poisons, general management of acute poisoning (A-B-C, gastric lavage, antidotes), classification of poisons.

Specific poisons (high-yield for NTRUHS, including locally relevant poisons in AP):

• Corrosives: Strong acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃) and alkalies -- signs, pathological changes, treatment.
• Metallic poisons: Arsenic (chronic and acute poisoning, Reinsch test), lead (Burton's line, saturnism, plumbism), mercury (Minamata disease), phosphorus.
• Agricultural/insecticide poisons: Organophosphate compounds (cholinergic crisis, SLUDGE symptoms, atropine and pralidoxime treatment -- very high-yield in AP given agricultural suicide rates), carbamates.
• CNS depressants: Alcohol (ethanol, blood alcohol levels, Widmark formula basis, acute and chronic toxicity, Wernicke-Korsakoff), opium and opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines.
• Suicide poisons common in India: Aluminium phosphide (phosphine gas, "rice tablet" -- very important in AP/Telangana region), organophosphates, endosulfan.
• Cardiac poisons: Aconite, oleander (Nerium oleander), digitalis.
• Vegetable/plant poisons: Abrus precatorius (circina), castor (ricin), Datura (atropine-like syndrome), Nux vomica (strychnine).
• Snake venom: Neurotoxic (cobra, common krait -- 3/7 rule, ASV therapy) and haemotoxic (Russell's viper, saw-scaled viper -- very important in rural AP).

Practical components: Identification of common medicinal and chemical substances, writing medicolegal certificates, reading and interpreting postmortem findings, documentation of injuries.

NTRUHS 2nd Year Exam Pattern

The exact question count and marks per question type are visible when you open any NTRUHS year paper in the GeckoMed app.

Internal Assessment in NTRUHS 2nd Year

NMC CBME requires formative internal assessment before a student is eligible to sit the Second Professional MBBS examination. This typically includes periodic theory tests, practical records, case discussions, and attendance. Minimum thresholds for internal assessment and pass criteria are set by NTRUHS. Verify with the current academic regulations.

Recommended Textbooks for NTRUHS 2nd Year

Standard Indian and international textbooks are used across NTRUHS-affiliated colleges. Verify your college's specific reading list alongside this guide.

• Best Pathology Book for MBBS
• Best Pharmacology Book for MBBS

For Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology is the standard Indian reference. Baveja's Manual of Practical Microbiology is widely used for the practical examination. Verify which editions your college follows.

For Forensic Medicine, K.S.N. Reddy's The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology is the primary Indian reference and is particularly relevant for NTRUHS students given its South Indian medico-legal context.

NTRUHS 2nd Year Question Papers

GeckoMed has NTRUHS previous year question papers for all four 2nd Year subjects:

• NTRUHS Pathology Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025
• NTRUHS Pharmacology Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025
• NTRUHS Microbiology Question Papers -- 2023, 2024, 2025
• NTRUHS Forensic Medicine Question Papers -- 2024, 2025
• All NTRUHS Question Papers -- complete archive

National 2nd Year resources: MBBS 2nd Year Hub | MBBS 2nd Year Syllabus | MBBS Pharmacology Question Papers

Other NTRUHS MBBS Year Syllabi

• NTRUHS 1st Year Syllabus 2026 -- Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry
• NTRUHS 3rd Year Syllabus 2026 -- Community Medicine, ENT, Ophthalmology
• NTRUHS Final Year Syllabus 2026 -- General Medicine, General Surgery, OBG, Paediatrics
• NTRUHS Exam Dates
• NTRUHS Results
• NTRUHS University Hub

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